Falling Into a Black Hole
A gas cloud named G2 is about to collide with Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. A simulation shows how the cloud might be stretched and torn apart.
Now, for the first time, astronomers may have a chance to watch as a giant black hole consumes a cosmic snack.
In March or April, a gas cloud that has been hurtling toward the center of the Milky Way is expected to collide with Sagittarius A*, a black hole that lies just 26,000 light-years from Earth. (The actual event, of course, took place 26,000 years ago.)
The cloud is as massive as three Earths — no match for the black hole, which has the mass of four million suns.
“This is a rare opportunity to witness spoon-feeding of a black hole,” said Avi Loeb, a theoretical astrophysicist at Harvard. “Will the gas reach the black hole, and if so, how quickly? Will the black hole throw up or spit the gas out in the form of an outflow or a jet?
“The experience is as exciting for astronomers,” he went on, “as it is for parents taking the first photos of their infant eating.”
If the black hole devours a sizable chunk of the cloud, a digestive process that could take many months to years, fireworks could ensue. Heated to billions of degrees as it spirals inward, the doomed gas cloud may emit a last gasp of radiation, ranging from radio waves to X-rays.
But even if the encounter proves a dud, it may still provide insight about the feeding habits of big black holes, which are believed to reside at the center of nearly every large galaxy.
“We will learn something no matter what happens,” said Andrea Ghez, an astronomer at the University of California, Los Angeles, who has monitored the galactic center since 1995.
The action is likely to unfold in two acts, said Stefan Gillessen of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany. His team discovered the gas cloud, G2, in 2011.
The first stage could come just weeks after the cloud, already stretched into a spaghetti-like strand by the black hole’s gravity, makes its closest approach to Sagittarius A*. Models suggest that will occur around March 31, give or take three weeks, Dr. Gillessen said.
At closest approach, the cloud’s distance from the black hole will still be about 200 times Earth’s distance from the sun. Nonetheless, the passage might be near enough for G2 to plow into the outer edge of the swirling disk of matter believed to surround and feed the black hole.
The shock wave generated by that encounter may create X-rays and radio waves that could be detected by telescopes. If the cloud contains a star at its center, as some astronomers have proposed, it may produce a stronger shock and generate more light, said Sera Markoff of the University of Amsterdam.
The encounter could have another effect: Disruptions in the cloud might alter the direction in which radio waves vibrate as they travel through. Simultaneous observations with telescopes tuned to different radio wavelengths have a chance of discerning the waves’ twists, giving astronomers new details about the cloud’s properties, said Geoffrey Bower, a radio astronomer with Asiaa, the Taiwanese astronomy organization, in Hilo, Hawaii.
But most of the potential fireworks are at least a year away, perhaps decades. That is how long it may take material torn from G2 to spiral inward through the black hole’s feeding disk, coming 100 times closer to the hole than it is now. At that location, gas becomes hot enough to radiate at high intensity before it is swallowed.
Moreover, astronomers think that if the gas cloud is to be swallowed, it will have to lose much of its angular momentum, or orbital rotation, around the black hole.
Although theorists have proposed that friction in the disk reduces the material’s rotation, “the simulations on our computers are not capable enough to track the descent,” Dr. Gillessen said.
If the gas takes a relatively short time to spiral inward, it would indicate that the black hole’s disk is viscous, like honey, and that it easily robs the gas of its rotational speed. A much longer time — decades, for example — would indicate that the disk has a lower viscosity, like water, allowing the gas to circle many times before it goes down the drain.
Dr. Loeb, of Harvard, said the radiation produced by the dregs of G2 could explain past observations that Sagittarius A* is both dim and a poor eater — able to consume only one ten-thousandth of the food supply available to it at large distances.
Several other clouds in the black hole’s vicinity may provide future fodder for Sagittarius A*. But even if G2 is its last meal for the foreseeable future, there is more excitement to come. Next year, the Event Horizon Telescope, an array of radio telescopes that has already examined Sagittarius A*, will gain enough acuity to discern the light that just misses being dragged into Sagittarius A* but is bent by the black hole’s gravity into a halo that frames it. (That is so acute that the array could make out an orange on the surface of the moon, said the project’s leader, Sheperd Doeleman, an astronomer at the M.I.T. Haystack Observatory and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.)
Deviations from the predicted shape of the halo would indicate that Einstein’s theory of gravity needs revision. And in 2018, a bright star called S0-2 will further test the theory by coming considerably closer to Sagittarius A* than the gas cloud does at its closest approach. The star’s orbit and light will reveal whether Einstein’s equations correctly describe gravity near a supermassive black hole.
From <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/science/its-snack-time-in-the-cosmos.html?smid=fb-share&_r=0>
